Have you ever heard of the Atlantic Puffin? These adorable little birds are known for their distinctive colorful beaks and white bellies. They spend most of their lives at sea, but during breeding season they gather in large colonies on coastal cliffs.
Despite being small in size, Atlantic Puffins have captured the hearts of people around the world with their charming appearance and unique behaviors. In this article, we will explore everything from their diet to nesting habits, as well as the threats facing these beloved creatures. So buckle up and get ready to learn all about one of nature’s most fascinating species — the Atlantic Puffin!
Physical Characteristics Of Atlantic Puffins
The Atlantic puffin, also known as the common puffin or sea parrot, is a beloved seabird found in the North Atlantic Ocean. These birds are instantly recognizable for their distinctive appearance, with their large colorful bills and striking black-and-white plumage.
Their bodies are compact and sturdy, with short wings that allow them to flap quickly through the water as they hunt for fish. The puffin’s bill is an essential tool for catching prey — it can hold up to 10 small fish at once! Their unique beaks also play a role in courtship displays, with males presenting females with gifts of small fish.
Despite their cute and comical appearance on land, these birds are incredibly skilled divers who can reach depths of over 200 feet while hunting underwater. They use their wings to "fly" through the water like penguins, propelling themselves forward with powerful strokes.
Overall, the physical characteristics of the Atlantic puffin make it one of nature’s most fascinating creatures. From its iconic coloring to its impressive diving abilities, this bird is truly a marvel of evolution.
Habitat And Distribution
The Atlantic puffin is a seabird that inhabits the northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean. These birds are typically found in areas with rocky cliffs, where they can build their nests using grass and feathers. Puffins prefer to live in colonies, which can consist of thousands of individuals.
The distribution of these birds extends from Greenland and Iceland down to the eastern coastlines of North America. They have also been spotted as far south as Maine during winter months. While puffins tend to be quite loyal to their nesting sites, they will travel long distances during non-breeding seasons to find food.
Puffins feed on small fish such as herring, sand eels, and capelin. They use their wings for propulsion underwater and can dive up to 200 feet deep in search of food. Due to their unique hunting habits and habitat preferences, conservation efforts have focused on preserving coastal habitats for these charismatic birds.
Overall, the Atlantic puffin’s habitat and distribution play crucial roles in its survival. By understanding their preferred nesting locations and migratory patterns, we can better protect them from threats such as oil spills or overfishing.
Life Cycle And Reproduction
The life cycle of the Atlantic puffin is a fascinating one, with many stages that are crucial to its survival. The breeding season for these birds begins in late April or early May when they return to their colonies on rocky islands off the coast of North America and Europe.
Once there, male puffins will begin to court females by offering them gifts such as fish or nesting materials. Once a pair has formed, they will mate and lay a single egg which both parents take turns incubating for about 40 days until it hatches.
After the chick hatches, both parents continue to care for it by feeding it small fish several times a day. As the chick grows older, it becomes more independent and learns how to fly at around six weeks old. It will then leave the nest and spend several years out at sea before returning to breed itself.
The reproductive success of the Atlantic puffin can be impacted by factors such as climate change, overfishing, and habitat destruction. Conservation efforts have been put in place to protect these birds and ensure their continued survival for future generations to enjoy.
Diet And Feeding Habits
After understanding the life cycle and reproduction of Atlantic puffins, it is important to delve into their diet and feeding habits. These birds are primarily fish eaters and rely on small fish such as sand eels, herring, capelin, and sometimes crustaceans like krill. They have a unique feeding style in which they dive underwater to depths of up to 60 meters using their wings for propulsion.
Puffins use their beaks to catch fish while swimming in the water. Their beaks are specifically adapted with backward-facing spines that help them hold onto slippery prey. Once caught, the fish are swallowed whole before being brought back to land where they feed their young ones by regurgitating food into their mouths. The chicks then grow rapidly due to this high-energy diet.
During breeding season, Puffins spend most of their time at sea searching for food whilst also looking out for predators such as gulls who may try to steal their hard-earned meal. This makes finding enough food for both themselves and their offspring even more challenging. However, despite these difficulties, Atlantic Puffin populations continue to thrive when there is an abundance of available food.
In conclusion, understanding the feeding habits of Atlantic Puffins plays a significant role in appreciating their way of life fully. With fishing being a primary source of food and energy needed for survival and growth during breeding periods, these birds exhibit remarkable adaptations specific to hunting in aquatic environments. It’s fascinating how nature has equipped these beautiful creatures with everything they need just to survive!
Adaptations For Life At Sea
As the Atlantic puffin spends most of its life at sea, it has developed several adaptations to survive in this harsh environment. To begin with, their waterproof feathers act like a wetsuit and keep them dry while diving for food. These feathers also serve as insulation against the cold waters, ensuring that they maintain their body temperature.
Moreover, their unique beaks are specifically designed to catch fish underwater. Unlike other birds who have straight bills, the puffins’ bills are curved and enable them to grip onto slippery prey with ease. Additionally, these birds can hold multiple small fish in their beaks at once by using specialized grooves on their tongues to prevent any loss.
Another adaptation is their ability to fly long distances over water without getting tired quickly. This is due to having relatively short wings compared to other seabirds but strong muscles that allow quick flapping movements. They also use wind currents and glide effortlessly above the waves when not flapping.
Lastly, puffins possess excellent eyesight both above and below water which allows them to spot potential predators or prey from great distances away. Their colorful beaks play an important role here too as they help identify mates during breeding season through specific coloration patterns.
Overall, these fascinating creatures have evolved amazingly well for survival in such a challenging habitat. From waterproof feathers and specialized beaks built for catching fish underwater to efficient flight mechanisms and keen senses — all of these adaptations work together seamlessly making the Atlantic Puffin one of nature’s true marvels!
Mating Rituals And Courtship Displays
During the breeding season, Atlantic puffins engage in elaborate courtship displays to attract a mate. These displays involve various behaviors such as head bobbing, bill tapping, and clapping their wings together. Puffins also use vocalizations to communicate with potential mates.
Once a pair has formed, they will spend time building or repairing their burrow on land or cliff faces. The male may bring gifts of small fish or marine invertebrates to the female as part of his courtship behavior. Both parents take turns incubating the single egg that is laid each year.
After hatching, the chick is fed by both parents for several weeks until it is able to fend for itself. This period can be challenging for the adults as they must navigate rough seas and compete with other seabirds for food resources. However, successful pairs will often return to the same nesting site year after year to breed again.
Overall, mating rituals and parental care are crucial aspects of an Atlantic puffin’s life cycle. As these charismatic birds face threats from habitat loss and climate change, understanding these behaviors can help inform conservation efforts aimed at protecting this iconic species for future generations.
Nesting Behavior And Colony Formation
Atlantic puffins are known for their unique nesting behavior and colony formation. These birds nest in burrows or crevices on rocky cliffs, which can provide protection from predators such as gulls and skuas. Puffin pairs typically mate for life, returning to the same nesting site each year.
During breeding season, males often engage in courtship displays, offering gifts of fish to potential mates. Once a pair has formed, they work together to construct or repair their nest using grasses, feathers, and other materials found nearby. The female lays a single egg and both parents take turns incubating it until it hatches after about 40 days.
Puffin colonies can range in size from just a few pairs to thousands of individuals. While some colonies may be established on isolated islands or remote coastlines, others have been known to form near human settlements where food resources may be more abundant. Despite this adaptability, Atlantic puffins face threats such as habitat loss and climate change that could impact their ability to successfully breed and form colonies.
Overall, the nesting behavior and colony formation of Atlantic puffins is an impressive display of adaptation and cooperation among these seabirds. As we continue to study these charismatic creatures, it is important that we also work towards protecting their habitats and ensuring their survival in the wild.
Parental Care And Chick Development
When it comes to parenting, atlantic puffins are the epitome of dedication. They invest a lot of time and energy into raising their chicks that they only lay one egg per year. This means that every chick is precious to them, and they take great care in ensuring its survival.
Once the egg hatches, both parents share equal responsibility in caring for the chick. The male takes on most of the hunting duties while the female stays with the chick to keep it warm and protected from predators. As the chick grows older, both parents work together to provide food until it’s ready to fledge.
Chick development is a slow process for atlantic puffins. It takes around 40 days before they can fly; however, even after fledging, young birds will still rely on their parents for several weeks more. During this period, parents continue to teach their offspring how to hunt fish efficiently and avoid danger.
In essence, parental care and chick development are critical aspects of an atlantic puffin’s life cycle. Without proper guidance from their parents during these stages, chicks may not survive long enough to reach adulthood. Thus, it’s fascinating witnessing how these seabirds go above and beyond when performing parenting duties!
Communication And Vocalizations
Communication and Vocalizations in Atlantic puffins are important when it comes to acoustic signals, vocalizations, calls, and songs. These are used for social interactions, inter-species communication, mate attraction, nest-building, and nest maintenance. Furthermore, breeding colonies, family groups, and breeding habits can be determined by observing migratory patterns, as well as foraging behavior.
Acoustic Signals
When it comes to communication and vocalizations, the Atlantic puffin is a fascinating bird. One of the ways these birds communicate with each other is through acoustic signals. These signals are important for mating rituals, territorial disputes, and social interactions.
Male puffins often use low-frequency grunts during courtship displays to attract females. They also emit various calls to mark their territory or warn off intruders. Meanwhile, female puffins produce high-pitched trills during courtship displays as well as when they’re communicating with their mates or chicks.
Not only do puffins have different types of calls depending on the situation, but they can also recognize individual voices among their colony members. This ability helps them maintain social bonds and avoid conflicts with neighbors. Researchers even found that some colonies develop regional dialects over time!
Overall, acoustic signals play an important role in the communication and behavior of Atlantic puffins. By understanding how these birds use sounds to interact with each other, we can gain insight into their complex social lives and ultimately work towards better conservation efforts for this beloved species.
Vocalizations
Now that we have learned about the role of acoustic signals in communication among Atlantic puffins, it’s time to delve deeper into their vocalizations. Puffins are known for their distinctive appearance, but they also have unique voices that help them navigate their social and environmental surroundings.
One interesting aspect of puffin vocalizations is the way they use different sounds depending on the situation. For example, during courtship displays, males produce low-frequency grunts while females emit high-pitched trills. This indicates a level of complexity in their communication system that reflects both gender differences and social context.
Moreover, researchers have discovered that puffins can recognize individual voices within their colony members. By doing so, these birds establish social bonds with one another and avoid conflicts with neighboring individuals. Additionally, some colonies develop regional dialects over time as a result of this ability to differentiate between voices.
In summary, understanding the intricate vocalizations of Atlantic puffins is crucial for comprehending how they communicate with each other and maintain complex social structures. As we continue to study these fascinating birds, we may uncover even more insights into their behavior and ultimately work towards better conservation efforts for this beloved species.
Migration Patterns And Movements
The Atlantic puffin is a migratory bird that breeds in the northern hemisphere during the summer months. These birds can be found nesting along rocky coastlines, cliffs, and islands from Newfoundland to Maine in North America, and from Iceland to Norway in Europe.
As winter approaches, these seabirds begin their migration southward towards warmer waters. Some populations of Atlantic puffins will travel as far south as Spain or Portugal, while others may spend the winter closer to home in areas such as Nova Scotia or Scotland.
During migration, Atlantic puffins can cover great distances over open sea. They are capable of flying long distances without stopping for rest or food due to their streamlined bodies which allow them to glide effortlessly through the air.
Despite being highly adapted for life at sea, the Atlantic puffin faces many threats during its migrations including climate change, habitat loss, pollution and hunting.
- The beauty of watching flocks of Atlantic puffins soaring across vast oceans
- The wonder of how they navigate thousands of miles each year with precision
- The sadness of knowing that human activity threatens this magnificent species’ future existence
- The responsibility we have to protect these incredible creatures so future generations can experience their majesty
Protecting the habitats where these birds breed and nest is critical for ensuring their survival. By reducing our carbon footprint and preventing pollution from entering our waterways, we can help safeguard these amazing birds’ ability to migrate safely between breeding grounds and feeding areas.
It’s up to all of us to take action now before it’s too late. Each small change we make has an impact on our environment — let’s work together to ensure that the Atlantic Puffin continues its remarkable journey across oceans for years to come!
Threats To Atlantic Puffin Populations
The population of the Atlantic puffin has been declining in recent years due to various threats. One of the biggest concerns is overfishing, which affects their main source of food — small fish like herring and sand eels. With less food available, puffins struggle to survive and reproduce.
Another threat facing these birds is climate change. As temperatures rise, sea ice melts, leading to rising sea levels that can cause flooding on nesting grounds. This loss of habitat forces puffins to move further inland or seek new breeding sites altogether, disrupting their natural behavior.
Additionally, pollution poses a significant danger to puffin populations. Oil spills from shipping vessels or offshore drilling rigs can coat the feathers of these birds with toxic substances that they ingest while preening themselves. This ingestion leads to internal damage and often results in death.
Lastly, human disturbance can disrupt puffin colonies during critical breeding periods by causing stress or driving them away from important nesting areas. Tourists who get too close to these sensitive habitats also pose a risk as they may accidentally destroy nests or disturb eggs.
To summarize, there are several factors contributing to the decline in Atlantic puffin populations including overfishing, climate change, pollution and human disturbance. It’s crucial for us all to take action and make changes where possible before this species becomes endangered beyond repair.
Threat | Description | Impact |
---|---|---|
Overfishing | Reducing availability of small fish such as herring and sand eels | Struggle for survival and reproduction |
Climate Change | Melting sea ice causes rising sea levels resulting in floods on nesting grounds | Disrupting natural behavior |
Pollution | Oil spills coating feathers with toxic substances ingested through preening lead to internal damage/death | Significant danger |
Human Disturbance | Stress/damage caused by humans during critical breeding periods; accidental destruction of nests/eggs | Disruption to breeding behavior |
It’s important for us all to take steps towards protecting the Atlantic puffin population. These birds are a vital part of our ecosystem, and their decline would have far-reaching consequences. We can make a difference by supporting sustainable fishing practices that don’t deplete fish stocks, reducing our carbon footprint, properly disposing of waste, and respecting these creatures’ habitats when visiting them in the wild. By working together, we can ensure that future generations will be able to enjoy seeing these beautiful birds thriving in their natural environment.
Conservation Efforts And Success Stories
After learning about the threats that Atlantic Puffins face, it’s clear that action needs to be taken in order to protect these beloved birds. Fortunately, there have been several successful conservation efforts put into place.
One such effort is habitat restoration. In areas where puffin populations have declined due to human activity or natural disasters, organizations are working to restore their habitats by removing invasive species and planting native vegetation. This not only benefits the puffins but also improves the overall health of the ecosystem.
Another important initiative is reducing fishing pressure on the ocean. Overfishing can drastically impact the availability of prey for puffins, leading to starvation and population decline. By implementing regulations on fishing practices and creating marine protected areas, we can help ensure a sustainable food source for these birds.
In addition, public education and awareness campaigns play an essential role in protecting Atlantic Puffins. Educating people about the importance of these unique creatures and how they contribute to our ecosystems can inspire individuals to take action towards conservation efforts.
Through all of these combined efforts, there has been some success in maintaining and even increasing puffin populations in certain regions. As we move forward with continued dedication to protecting these wonderful birds, let us remember that every individual action makes a difference in preserving our planet’s biodiversity.
Puffin-Watching Tours And Ecotourism
I’m interested in finding out where some of the best puffin-watching locations are. Does anyone know of any great spots? I’ve heard that ecotourism can have a lot of positive benefits for wildlife, so I’m curious to hear what people think about taking puffin-watching tours. Have any of you ever been on one? It’d be great to hear about the experience, and what kind of impact it could have on the environment.
Puffin-Watching Locations
If you are an avid bird-watcher or simply want to see puffins up close, then visiting a puffin-watching location is the perfect ecotourism activity for you. The Atlantic puffin can be seen in various places around the world, but some locations provide more opportunities than others. One such place is Iceland’s Westman Islands, which hosts the largest colony of puffins in the country. Visitors here have access to guided tours that take them to prime viewing spots where they can observe these beautiful birds.
Another great location for watching puffins is Maine’s Eastern Egg Rock Island, located off the coast of Maine. This island serves as a sanctuary and breeding ground for several species of seabirds including Atlantic Puffins. Visitors can book boat tours from nearby harbors that will take them on a scenic cruise while enjoying sightings of other marine animals like seals and whales before arriving at this unique destination.
A third popular spot for observing these lovely birds is Newfoundland, Canada. Here you’ll find colonies of thousands upon thousands of nesting pairs during summer months. The best time to visit would be between late May through early August when most mating occurs resulting in many adorable baby chicks being born into existence.
Finally, we come to Scotland’s Inner Hebrides islands which offer both day trips and overnight stays with opportunities to view not only puffins but also a wide variety of other wildlife including eagles, otters and dolphins too! With so much natural beauty surrounding visitors at every turn it’s no wonder why this area has become increasingly popular among travelers who love all things wild and wonderful.
In conclusion, whether you’re an experienced birder or just looking for a new adventure, there are plenty of amazing places worldwide where you can witness Atlantic Puffins thriving in their natural habitat. So pack your bags today and head out on one-of-a-kind trip filled with unforgettable experiences!
Ecotourism Benefits
If you’re someone who loves to travel and explore nature, then ecotourism is the perfect way to do so while also being mindful of our planet’s delicate ecosystems. Puffin-watching tours are a great example of how ecotourism can benefit both travelers and local wildlife.
Firstly, these tours provide a unique opportunity for visitors to witness puffins in their natural habitat without disturbing or harming them. By following strict guidelines and regulations set by tour operators, tourists can observe these birds from a safe distance, which allows puffins to go about their daily activities undisturbed.
Secondly, puffin-watching tours often support conservation efforts aimed at protecting these seabirds and their habitats. Part of the proceeds from such tours may be used for research projects or other initiatives that help sustain the ecosystem where puffins live. This not only benefits the birds but also ensures that future generations will have the chance to experience this amazing sight too.
Furthermore, these tours often employ locals as guides or staff members, providing employment opportunities and boosting the local economy. This creates an incentive for communities living near puffin colonies to protect them since they directly benefit from tourism revenue.
In conclusion, taking part in a puffin-watching tour isn’t just an incredible adventure; it’s also a responsible form of travel that supports environmental conservation efforts while benefiting local communities. So if you’re looking for an unforgettable experience that gives back in more ways than one, consider booking a puffin-watching tour during your next vacation!
Puffin Art And Cultural Significance
Puffins are not only fascinating creatures in the animal kingdom but also hold cultural significance across various societies. They have become a popular subject of art, literature, and folklore. Puffin-inspired artwork is famous for its vibrant colors and intricate details that capture the bird’s unique features.
One example of cultural significance is Iceland’s love affair with puffins. The country boasts one of the largest populations of Atlantic puffins globally and has embraced them as an important symbol of their national identity. Icelandic artists have produced stunning pieces inspired by these birds, including paintings, sculptures, jewelry, and even clothing designs.
The Faroe Islands’ tradition called "Grindadrap" or whale hunting is often criticized worldwide. However, locals consider it vital to preserving their culture and heritage. Puffins play a significant part in this event as they are hunted alongside whales for food. While some may find this practice controversial, many Faroese people see it as an essential aspect of maintaining their island’s traditions.
Puffin sightings during breeding season signal the start of summer on Skomer Island in Wales. These adorable birds attract tourists from all over who want to witness their charming courtship dance known as bill-clacking ritual before incubating eggs hidden in burrows beneath the ground. This annual phenomenon provides valuable tourism revenue for local communities while raising awareness about conservation efforts focused on protecting puffin habitats along coastal regions worldwide.
Bullet Points
- Puffin-inspired art showcases their unique features through vibrant colors and intricate details.
- Iceland embraces puffins as a crucial symbol of national identity reflected in various forms like paintings, sculptures, jewelry, and clothing designs.
- Though considered controversial worldwide, Faroese people justify hunting puffins alongside whales during Grindadrap to preserve their culture and heritage.
Skomer Island attracts tourists each year during breeding season when puffins’ presence signals the start of summer; visitors get to observe their beautiful bill-clacking ritual and learn more about conservation efforts focused on protecting their habitats.
Future Research And Discoveries
As we continue to study the fascinating Atlantic puffin, there is still much that remains unknown about this beloved bird. However, with advances in technology and research methods, we are constantly making new discoveries.
One area of future research could be focused on better understanding the migration patterns of individual puffins. By utilizing satellite tracking devices and analyzing DNA samples, researchers can gain a deeper insight into where these birds travel throughout their lives.
Another potential avenue for exploration is studying the social behavior of puffins within their colonies. Observing how they interact with one another during breeding season and outside of it can give us valuable information about communication, hierarchy, and cooperation within animal societies.
Additionally, investigating the impact of climate change on Atlantic puffin populations should be a priority moving forward. As ocean temperatures rise and sea ice melts, food sources crucial to the survival of these birds may become scarce or shift locations. Understanding how this affects their overall wellbeing will allow us to take necessary conservation measures.
Research Topic | Methods | Potential Findings |
---|---|---|
Puffin Migration Patterns | Satellite Tracking & DNA Analysis | Deeper Insight Into Travel Habits |
Social Behavior Within Colonies | Observation & Analysis | Communication, Hierarchy & Cooperation Insights |
Climate Change Impacts on Populations | Long-term Monitoring & Data Collection | Food Source Shifts Affect Overall Wellbeing |
In conclusion, as our knowledge surrounding the Atlantic puffin continues to grow and evolve, so too does our responsibility to protect and preserve this incredible species. Through continued research efforts aimed at uncovering new insights into migratory habits, social behaviors, and environmental impacts on populations — we can work towards ensuring a brighter future for these unique seabirds.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Long Can Atlantic Puffins Hold Their Breath Underwater?
How long can animals hold their breath underwater? This is a fascinating question that has been studied in many aquatic species. Some mammals, such as dolphins and whales, are known to be able to hold their breath for up to an hour or more. Sea turtles and some fish have also been found to have impressive breath-holding abilities. However, the record for longest dive belongs to the Weddell seal, which can stay underwater for over 80 minutes!
Do Atlantic Puffins Have Any Predators Besides Humans?
Atlantic puffins have evolved to be masterful swimmers, able to hold their breath for up to a minute while diving underwater in search of fish. However, despite these impressive skills, they still face threats from predators like gulls and raptors who steal their food or attack them directly. In addition to these natural predators, human activity has also taken a toll on Atlantic puffin populations through hunting and habitat destruction. Despite conservation efforts aimed at protecting these beloved birds, they remain vulnerable to the many dangers that threaten their survival.
Can Atlantic Puffins Fly Long Distances Without Stopping?
Yes, Atlantic puffins are incredible fliers that can travel long distances without stopping. They have been known to fly over 1,000 miles in a single journey! These birds use their powerful wings and streamlined bodies to reach impressive speeds of up to 55 mph while flying low over the water’s surface. Puffins also have an exceptional ability to navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field and celestial cues like the position of the sun and stars. All these skills allow them to travel vast distances during migration or search for food without getting tired easily.
What Kind Of Social Behaviors Do Atlantic Puffins Display?
Atlantic puffins are highly social birds that display a variety of interesting behaviors. For instance, they often form large colonies where they gather in groups to mate and raise their chicks. They also engage in elaborate courtship rituals involving displays of affection such as billing and preening each other’s feathers. In addition, atlantic puffins are known for their unique vocalizations which they use to communicate with one another both on land and at sea. Overall, these fascinating creatures exhibit a wide range of social behaviors that make them an intriguing subject of study for scientists and bird enthusiasts alike.
How Do Atlantic Puffins Navigate While At Sea?
When it comes to navigating the open seas, many animals have developed unique strategies. Some rely on instinctual knowledge passed down through generations, while others use celestial cues or magnetic fields to guide their way. But for one particular species of bird, the Atlantic Puffin, navigation is a bit more complex. These small but mighty creatures are known for their ability to locate and return to their breeding grounds with incredible accuracy — even after spending months at sea. So how do they do it? Through a combination of visual landmarks, olfactory cues, and an impressive internal compass that allows them to detect subtle changes in Earth’s magnetic field. It just goes to show that no matter your size or species, sometimes all you need is a little navigational know-how to make your way home.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Atlantic Puffins are fascinating creatures that exhibit impressive abilities both on land and at sea. These birds can hold their breath underwater for up to a minute while diving in search of food. Unfortunately, they do have predators besides humans such as gulls and foxes.
Despite their small size, these puffins are exceptional flyers and can cover long distances without stopping. However, they also display social behaviors such as mating rituals and communal nesting sites. As they navigate the open ocean, it’s believed that these birds use their sense of smell and the Earth’s magnetic field to find their way.
As the saying goes, "birds of a feather flock together," and this certainly holds true for Atlantic Puffins. Their unique characteristics make them an important part of our ecosystem and remind us how incredible nature truly is.